![]() ![]() If you can easily think of one subpoint but are having difficulty identifying another one, that subpoint may not be robust enough to stand on its own. Therefore if you have an A, you must have a B, and if you have a 1, you must have a 2. After all, it defies logic that you could divide anything into just one part. The principle of coherence can also be met by making sure that when dividing a main point or subpoint, you include at least two subdivisions. Shorter phrases and keywords can make up the speaking outline, but you should write complete sentences throughout your formal outline to ensure coherence. Downloading music using peer-to-peer file-sharing programs doesn’t hurt record sales.įollowing the principle of unity should help your outline adhere to the principle of coherence, which states that there should be a logical and natural flow of ideas, with main points, subpoints, and sub-subpoints connecting to each other (Winans, 1917).Downloading music using peer-to-peer file-sharing programs helps market new music.The main point could be broken up into two distinct ideas that can be more fully supported. Downloading music using peer-to-peer file-sharing programs helps market new music and doesn’t hurt record sales.In the following example from a speech arguing that downloading music from peer-to-peer sites should be legal, two ideas are presented as part of a main point. ![]() Limiting each component of your outline to one idea makes it easier to then plug in supporting material and helps ensure that your speech is coherent. If you find that one subpoint has more than one idea, you can divide it into two subpoints. ![]() One concrete way to help reduce the amount of ideas you include per item is to limit each letter or number to one complete sentence. The principle of unity means that each letter or number represents one idea. Further divisions are indicated by either lowercase letters or lowercase roman numerals. In standard outlining format, main points are indicated by capital roman numerals, subpoints are indicated by capital letters, and sub-subpoints are indicated by Arabic numerals. ![]() In terms of consistency, you should follow standard outlining format. Four principles of outlining are consistency, unity, coherence, and emphasis (DuBois, 1929). There are principles of outlining you can follow to make your outlining process more efficient and effective. I use outlines regularly to help me organize my thoughts and prepare for upcoming projects. Being able to break a topic down into logical divisions and then connect the information together will help ensure that you can prepare for complicated tasks or that you’re prepared for meetings or interviews. Students sometimes complain about having to outline speeches or papers, but it is a skill that will help you in other contexts. This allows you more freedom as a speaker to adapt to your audience during your speech. Therefore you shouldn’t include every word you’re going to say on your outline. While a script contains everything that will be said, an outline includes the main content. It’s important to note that an outline is different from a script. The formal outline also includes a title, the general purpose, specific purpose, and thesis statement. It includes the introduction and conclusion, the main content of the body, key supporting materials, citation information written into the sentences in the outline, and a references page for your speech. The formal outline is a full-sentence outline that helps you prepare for your speech. As your outline continues to take shape, you will want to follow established principles of outlining to ensure a quality speech. By this point, you have a good working outline, and you can easily cut and paste information to move it around and see how it fits into the main points, subpoints, and sub-subpoints. Once you’ve chosen your organizational pattern and are ready to incorporate supporting material, you can quote and paraphrase your supporting material along with the bibliographic information needed for your verbal citations into the document. As you review your research and distill the information down into separate central ideas that support your specific purpose and thesis, type those statements into the document. When you first draft your general purpose, specific purpose, and thesis statement, you could create a new document on your computer and plug those in, essentially starting your outline. Think of your outline as a living document that grows and takes form throughout your speech-making process.
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